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United States declaration of war upon Japan
On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan in response to its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the ''Infamy Speech'' of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Following the declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II.
==Background==
The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan, but that was not the intent of the Japanese leadership. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations.〔Calvocoressi ''et al.'', ''The Penguin History of the Second World War'', p.952〕 It was the intent of the Japanese to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (known as the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. However, transcription took too long for the ambassador to deliver it in time. Even so, the notification was worded so that it actually neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations.〔Prange, Gordon W. ''At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor''. Dillon, 1982. pp. 424 & 475〕〔Prange, Gordon W. ''At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor''. Dillon, 1982. pp. 493-494〕
The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did, partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong; and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.〔"(The U.S. At War, The Last Stage )" ''TIME''. December 15, 1941.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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